Outline

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A. Obstacles to Italian Unity

 * 1) By the early 1800's, Italian patriots (including Mazzini, who would become a revolutionary) were determined to build a new, united Italy.
 * 2) At Vienna, Austria took control of much of northern Italy.
 * 3) Between 1820- 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across the region.

B. Mazzini Establishes Young Italy

 * 1) In the 1830's, the nationalist leader Guiseppe Mazzini founded young Italy.
 * 2) The goal of this secret society was to establish Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.
 * 3) In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome, but French forces soon toppled it.

C. Nationalism Takes Root

 * 1) To nationalists like Mazzini, a united Italy made sense not only because of geography, but also because of a commmon language and history.
 * 2) Unity would end trade barriers among Italian states and stimulate industry.

II. The Struggle For Italy

 * 1) After 1848, leadership of Risorgimento (Italian Nationalist Movement) passed to the kingdom of Sardinia.
 * 2) Victor Emmanuel II (constitutional monarch) hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his own power.

A. Cavour Becomes Prime Minister

 * 1) In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister.
 * 2) Once in office, Cavour moved first to reform Sardinia's economy.
 * 3) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">He improved agriculture, had railroads built, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.
 * 4) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">His long- term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy and annex (take over) the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">B. Intrigue with France

 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In 1855, Sardinia joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sardinia did not win territory.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with Napoleon, who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">With the help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed (took over) Lombardy.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Several other northern Italian states joined with Sardinia afterwards.

<span style="color: #11a211; font-family: Georgia,serif;">C. Garibaldi's "Red Shirt"

 * 1) <span style="color: #11a211; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic
 * 2) <span style="color: #11a211; font-family: Georgia,serif;">By 1860, Garibaldi had recruited a force of 1000 red- shirted volunteers
 * 3) <span style="color: #11a211; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The forces traveled south to Sicily, and eventually won control of Sicily.

<span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">D. Unity At Last

 * 1) <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Garibaldi's success alarmed Cavour, so he urged Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian Troops to deal with them.
 * 2) <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Instead, the Sardinian's overran the Papal States and linked up with Garibaldi and his forces in Naples.
 * 3) <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Garibaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II, and he was crowned king of Italy.
 * 4) <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Cavour died in 1861, but his successors completed his dream.
 * <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In a deal negotiated with Bismark, Italy acquired Venetia.
 * <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">During the Franco- Prussian War in 1870, France was forced to withdraw from Rome.
 * 1) <span style="color: #e7660d; font-family: Georgia,serif;">After getting Venetia and Rome, Italy was finally united.

<span style="color: #b91a18; font-family: Georgia,serif;">III. Challenges Facing The New Nation
<span style="color: #1fc1c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. Italy faced quite a few problems. One problem was that Italy had no tradition of unity. <span style="color: #1fc1c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. Few Italians felt ties to the new nation. <span style="color: #1fc1c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">3. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national issues.

<span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">A. Divisions

 * 1) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The greatest regional difference were between the north and the south.
 * <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The North was richer and had more cities than the South.
 * <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The South was rural and poor.
 * 1) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation.
 * 2) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Popes resented (felt bitter about) the seizure of the Papal States of Rome.
 * 3) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The government granted the papacy the small territory of the Vatican.
 * 4) <span style="color: #ff00c1; font-family: Georgia,serif;">However, Popes saw themselves as "prisoners” and urged Italian Catholics (which were the majority of the Italians) not to cooperate with their new government.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">B. Turmoil

 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Under Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two- house legislature
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The king appointed members to the upper house (could veto bills passed by the lower house).
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Although the lower house consisted of representatives, only a few men had the right to vote.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In the late 1800s, unrest (a state of dissatisfaction, disturbance, and agitation in a group of people) increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Socialists organized strikes while  (people who want to abolish all government) turned to sabotage and violence.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Slowly, but surely, the government eventually extended suffrage to more men and passed laws to improve social conditions.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">However, the turmoil still continued.

<span style="color: #11a211; font-family: Georgia,serif;">C. Economic Progress

 * 1) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Despite its problems, Italy did eventually develop economically (especially after 1900).
 * 2) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Industries sprouted in the northern regions, which led to urbanization as peasants moved to find jobs in factories.
 * 3) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">As in other countries, reformers campaigned to improve education and working conditions.
 * 4) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The population explosion created tensions.
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">One important safety value was emigration (the movement away from their homeland).
 * 1) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Many Italians left for the U.S., Canada and Latin America.
 * 2) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">By 1914, the country was significantly better off than it had been in 1861.
 * 3) <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">However, it was hardly prepared for the upcoming, great war that broke out in that year.